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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Articles on Major James R. Crowe, a founding member of the Ku Klux Klan
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community; Ku Klux Klan
Description
An account of the resource
These are a series of articles about James R. Crowe, a founding member of the Ku Klux Klan. According to Florence historian Lee Freeman: "A native of Pulaski, in Giles County, TN, James R. Crowe (1839-1911) relocated to Marion, AL in 1861 where he entered the law offices of his cousin, Charles C. Crowe. During the Civil War James Crowe served in the 4th AL Inf and 53 TN Inf, CSA, eventually achieving the rank of major before serving as purchasing agent for the Confederate government. On February 18, 1869 Maj. Crowe married Belle Towson of Nashville and the couple had six children, five still living by 1903. After the war Crowe returned to his native Pulaski before relocating to the new town of Sheffield, in Colbert County, Alabama, in 1886, where he engaged in the real estate business and assisted in the formation of the Tennessee River Masonic Lodge. He was a presiding elder and Sunday-school superintendent in the Presbyterian Church as well as serving as President of the Sheffield Board of Education for four years. Active in local politics, he was a Democrat. Crowe was also the author of several war songs, many of which he wrote for United Confederate Veterans reunions. Maj. Crowe died Friday, July 14, 1911 after a lingering illness of several weeks.
Christmas Eve, 1865, James R. Crowe, and five other bored ex-Confederates--J. Calvin Jones, John B. Kennedy, John C. Lester, Frank McCord, and Richard R. Reed--met at Judge Thomas Jones' law office in Pulaski, Tennessee and after discussing ways to relieve their boredom, decided to found their own fraternal order similar to the Masons or Odd Fellows, as John Lester later insisted, "solely for amusement and diversion" (one author described their early meetings as more for "partying" than anything else). One of the men suggested the name "the Merry Six" however they eventually settled on the Greek word *kuklos,* which means "circle." Noting the alliteration of the words "kuklos clan" the name soon became Ku Klux Klan. As with most fraternal orders the men then developed secret rituals, many of them ridiculous and silly, and distinctive outfits to wear at meetings. This garb consisted of a tall, pointy hat with eye-slits, to increase the wearer's apparent height, and a floor-length gown or robe, which were originally multi-colored: the white robes and hoods came later, with the Klan's rebirth in the early 20th century.
Frank McCord was appointed the Klan's first Grand Cyclops, while James Crowe was appointed the order's first "Grand Turk." According to author James Solomon, the Klan got permission to use the cellar of a house destroyed in a tornado as its first lodge hall. As there were no other houses near and the old mansion was in ruins, surrounded by a grove of trees also ripped apart by the tornado, the location developed a reputation as being rather mysterious and spooky. According to Solomon, members soon noticed that as they galloped through the streets of Pulaski at night in their Klan regalia, local freedmen were intimidated, or just downright scared, thinking they were ghosts, a view which the Klan soon began to encourage, at first for fun, but later in order to intimidate them.
The order quickly gained members and spread to other towns and states, so that by 1867 the Klan extended from Virginia to Texas but though tied to Pulaski, each chapter was autonomous. Soon the Klan began viewing itself as a citizens' vigilante group, charged with opposing the Republican Reconstruction government of the South and keeping the freedmen in line. Both Tennessee Governor Bronlow (1865-1869), a Republican, and Pulaski's mayor John Ezell, attempted to shut down the Klan, with the Tennessee State Legislature even enacting anti-Klan legislation and curfews, but all to no avail, as the Klan was just too popular. Stories of Klan harassment and terrorizing of both "carpetbaggers" from the North, as well as local freedmen abounded. In early 1869, Grand Wizard and former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest (1821-1877) officially called for the Klan to be disbanded. Unfortunately the February, 1915 release of the DW Griffith film *Birth of a Nation,* which espoused a romanticized view of the Klan and white supremacy sparked a resurgence of the Klan in the early 20th century.
In response to several erroneous newspaper reports on the history of the Klan in July of 1905 founding member James R. Crowe wrote his own account to the editor of the *Nashville American.* Crowe closed his account by saying that "So long as the original, genuine K. K. K. existed I never knew of an act committed by them that I am now ashamed to own." Regardless, Pulaski, Tennessee has had to live down its reputation as the birthplace of the Ku Klux Klan, in recent decades disassociating itself from and repudiating the Klan. It is doubtful that many residents of Sheffield are even aware that one of the Klan's founders died there in 1911."
Sources:
James R. Crowe's Sheffiield Reaper article of July 13, 1905, in which he refers to himself as one of the founders.
Times of Giles County, (c) 1976 by James Solomon, pp. 101-108.
(1) Picture of James R. Crowe
(2) The Origin and Purposes of the famous Ku Klux Klan article
(3) Death Notice of Maj. Crowe
(4) Obituary for Maj. Crowe
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
(2) Crowe, James R. (1839-1911)
(1) James Solomon
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
(2) Sheffield Reaper
(3) Sheffield Standard
(4) Alabamian Dispatch
(1) Florence Times
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
(2) Sheffield Reaper
(3) Sheffield Standard
(4) Alabamian Dispatch
(1) Florence Times
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
(2) 1905-07-13
(3) 1911-07-14
(4) 1911-07-20
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Lee Freeman
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
(1) James_R._Crowe_(1839-1911)_from_Times_from_Giles_County_by_James_Solomon.jpg
(2) Origin_and_Purposes_of_the_Klan.jpg
(3) Maj_James_R_Crowe_SS_Fri_Jul_14_1911_p_1.jpg
(4) Jas_R_Crowe_Obit.jpg
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
-
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5d43b0be7b9a355d42174c8d00d30b5b
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Negroes Arrested."
Subject
The topic of the resource
The arrest of Sam Robinson and Monroe Rowell.
Description
An account of the resource
This article reports the arrest of 18 year-old black youths Sam Robinson and Monroe Rowell on the charge of breaking and entering the Southern Tire Co. on Thursday night.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
*Florence Herald*, Friday, August 15, 1930, p. 5.
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Lee Freeman
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
*Florence Herald*
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Newspapers.com
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Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The Black Community at Stewart's Springs
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
A series of documents and old Florence newspaper articles chronicling the Black community of the Stewart's Springs neighborhood of West Florence.
Stewart's Springs was the name of Dr. James W. Stewart’s (ca. 1812-1891) plantation and resort, overlooking a series of springs on what is presently the 700-900 blocks of Dixie Avenue in West Florence, which had a series of grape vineyards on a hill, hence that area's name, "the Vineyard". According to Sandra Sockwell’s entry for Stewart’s Springs in The Place Names of Colbert and Lauderdale Counties, Alabama: “Dr. James W. Stewart had a large home overlooking this spring on what is presently the 700-900 blocks of Dixie Avenue.”
Stewart advertised that his resort, whose water was said to be "equal in virtue with the celebrated 'Bailey's Springs, found in the same region of country, was set to open "by the 1st of June next," in May and June of 1851. Stewart noted that "the water of my spring, within half a mile of Florence, Ala., having effected many remarkable cures, in a variety of diseases. I have been induced to make extensive improvements, for the accommodation of the public."
Just exactly how long Stewart's Springs was open as a resort isn't known.
Anecdote has it that slave pastor Robin Lightfoot (ca. 1791-1864), the first recorded pastor of Church Springs ME Church, now Greater St. Paul AME Church, was lynched at Stewart's Springs. However according to the wartime diary of Mrs. Eliza Weakley (1815-1898), wife of Florence cotton merchant Samuel D. Weakley (1812-1897), on May 8, 1864, Lightfoot was arrested at Florence Mayor (1861-1862; 1869-1870; 1871-1873), future AL Secretary of State (1873-1874) and Unionist Neander H. Rice's (1815-1886) house on Court Street by men under Confederate Colonel William A. Johnson on May 7, 1864, probably for what was described as "stirring up strife" among the slave population. According to Mrs. Weakley Johnson’s men also caught 57 prisoners. Robin was hung the next day, May 8. According to Mrs. Weakley:
"Col. Johnson had Robin Lightfoot hung near Mrs. Southerland’s & then shot him twice. The soldiers arrested some other negroes . . ."
The Mrs. Southerland referred to was probably Louisa Southerlin (ca.1819-aft. 1860), a widow who in 1860 lived two houses down from Mr. Josiah Pollock (1807-1898) in Florence.
After the Civil War a community named Stewart's Springs grew up in the area of the old plantation and resort which had a white population as well as a fairly large African-American population.
No listing for Stewart’s plantation has been located in the 1850 Lauderdale County agricultural census however Stewart’s 1850 census enumeration recorded the value of his real estate as $12,000. This figure had decreased to $3,000 by the time of the 1860 census.
According to his 1860 agricultural census enumeration, James W. Stewart owned 62 acres of land, but only 12 of those acres were improved. The value of the property was recorded as $3,000. According to this census, by June 1, Stewart had produced 250 bushels of Indian corn, 50 bushels of peas and beans, 50 bushels of Irish Potatoes and 50 bushels of sweet potatoes.
Although Stewart’s plantation wasn’t enumerated in the 1850 ag census, his slaves were enumerated in the 1850 slave census for Lauderdale County, recording 31 slaves at Stewart’s Spring—16 men and 15 women, ranging in age from 1 to 93. Six of these enslaved persons—including a 93 year-old Mulatto, or mixed-race man—were recorded as “fugitives from the state,” meaning they had run away from the plantation. The number of enslaved persons at Stewart Springs had thus increased from 3 in 1840—one girl under 10 years and two women between 10 and 23, to 31 by 1850.
In 1860 19 slaves were enumerated at Stewart’s Springs—9 men and 10 women ranging in ages from 1 to 56. The 1860 census also noted a total of four slave houses at Stewart’s Springs.
One of the slaves at Stewart’s Springs may have been Peter Stewart (ca. 1825-1925), who according to his obituary in the Florence Herald died Sunday, February 15, 1925 at one hundred years and five months old. Florence historian the late Jill K. Garrett recorded a story allegedly told by Stewart himself about burying a sum of money on the hillside above the spring during the Civil War.
After the Civil War “Uncle Peter” as he was known to locals, attended at least two United Confederate Veterans’ reunions at Mars Hill, indicating that during the war he served as a body-servant or camp slave to a white soldier, or possibly was hired out as a cook or a teamster.
After the war Peter Stewart lived at Stewart’s Springs, where he worked as a farmer. He and his wife Sarah (ca. 1832-bef. 1900) had at least nineteen children, eleven of whom preceded Peter in death.
During the Civil War Stewart's Springs was the site of some skirmishing, and there are actually several rifle pits on a bluff in the wooded area on the west side of Cumberland Street overlooking Wildwood Park Road. Near the ranger station on Waterloo Rd there is a long line of Civil War breastworks.
The Vineyard, where Florence’s first pest house (a smallpox quarantine camp) was located, was situated at the north end of what later became Wildwood Park, originally a part of the Stewart plantation.
According to the December 15, 1865 minutes of the board of aldermen:
"A called meeting of the board of aldermen of the town of Florence, Friday morning December 15, 1865 at the office of Judge [Vincent M.] Benham present his Honor W. B. Wood Mayor pro-tem, Al. Jno. W. McAlister, V. M. Benham, Z. P. Morrison, Wm Ragsdale, W. T. Price, Joseph Milner, & Geo. W. Karsner.
"His Honor the Mayor stated that the board was called together for the purpose of providing a Pest house for cases of Small Pox. A case of a Negro woman and several of her children has been reported to him as sick with the Small Pox in [the] heart of our town.
"After some discussion on the subject of a Pest house and the place to put it on motion a committee of two was appointed to get some house and have it removed and put up at or near Seaton Spring, and if a house cannot be got the committee be authorized to procure suitable lumber and have a pest house built.
"Al. [aldermen] Morrison & Farmer were appointed said committee.
"On motion the Town Constable was authorized to procure proper supplies for Milly Weakley & her children during this time of their sickness of Small Pox and have it charged to the corporation.
"No other business being before the board on motion they adjourned."
Another called meeting was held on January 2, and the minutes record:
"A called meeting of the Board of Aldermen of the Town of Florence Ala. Held at the office of Judge [VM] Benham Tuesday night January 2, 1866 . . .
"The Committee on Pest [house] reported that Mr. Coffee offered to sell a good double log cabin out at the Hood place for a reasonable price and suggested the Vineyard as a suitable place to put it.
"On motion, Al. McAlister the committee was authorized to accede to the proposition of Mr. Coffee and have the house removed and [illegible word] at the vineyard as soon as practicable. . . ."
A local African-American woman named Milly Weakley and her children were the first to be diagnosed with smallpox in December of 1865. This family of four, a mother and three small children, was taken care of during their sickness by the city.
In the 1866 Lauderdale County, AL State Census a Milly Weakley, aged 30-40, was enumerated with two males under 10 years and 1 female under 10 years in her house.
I find a Milly Weakley, widowed, age 46, occupation listed as "laborer," with an 8 year-old boy named Jim (b. 1872) listed as her son, on South Market St. (now Wood Ave). in the 1880 federal census.
A 60 year-old Millie Weakley (b. 1839), her 27 year-old widowed son James (b. 1877), and a 19 year-old boarder named James Jones, were enumerated on Vulcan St. in East Florence in 1900. By 1900 this Millie Weakley had had a total of six children, with four still living in 1900.
If these are the same Milly Weakley (the ages are right) then apparently Mrs. Weakley and some if not all of her children survived their 1865-1866 bout with smallpox. Nothing more is known of these Weakleys at this time.
The pest house apparently remained at Stewart's Springs through the early 20th century, though in 1900 a new series of buildings was constructed at the site.
During the February, 1900 smallpox outbreak the city council ordered the construction of a series of buildings on the site (the old cabin was apparently no longer being used and might have been torn down):
One two-room building, each room 8x16, for use as the women’s ward.
One one-room building, 12x14, designated men’s ward no. 1.
One 16x20 tent designated men’s ward no. 2.
One 10x20 tent designated men’s ward no. 3.
A “shed room” for cooking the patients’ meals.
In the February, 1900 outbreak there were four cases of smallpox but no deaths due to widespread vaccinations. In the May, 1901 outbreak there were 34 cases and only 15 deaths, again, due to widespread vaccinations. According to the Florence Times, "those who die are buried near the spot," however some of the casualties who died in 1901 were buried in the Florence City Cemetery. Exactly where this pesthouse cemetery was located has been an issue for many years as the records don’t specify the precise location of either the pesthouse, or the cemetery.
In March of 1896 the Florence City Council, "on the application of the colored [sic] church at Stewart's Spring," appointed Frank Thompson a "special policeman" for that neighborhood. Thompson received no salary, instead being paid from the convictions of offenders.
There were a handful of white-owned businesses at Stewart's Springs. For example, in April of 1907 AJ Phillips moved his general merchandise store from Seven Points to Stewart's Springs; in November of 1909 Phillips sold out to James "Jim" Burtwell at Stewart's Springs and bought a store in Seven Points. In August of 1911 grocer CB Garner moved his store from Court Street in Florence to Stewart's Springs, to AJ Phillips' old location, the building owned by James Burtwell. Garner's store was destroyed by fire in October of 1911. Whether Garner opened back up isn't known at this time.
In December of 1912 Florence City Commissioner BB Garner sold 26 acres of land on the hill at Stewart Springs to Dr. CN Martin of California, who intended to open a modern sanitarium. This became the El Reposo Sanitarium and is now Mitchell Hollingsworh Nursing Home.
Among other improvements Martin's staff planted 2 1/2 acres of strawberries, 300 grape vines and 150 fruit trees as well as a bakery, a greenhouse and a garden for employees. Water from the nearby springs was piped up the hill.
The new rest home was to be conducted along the same lines at the famed Kellogg Sanitarium at Battle Creek, Michigan.
There had also been a tan yard at Stewart's Springs, which Dr. James Brock refitted and put back into operation in April of 1874.
By 1890, Wildwood Park was owned by the Florence Investment Company, which was comprised largely of Philadelphia capitalists, and owned some of the most valuable business and residential property in the city. In 1890 Capt. JHH Figgat was company president.
By June of 1896 a "five-mile loop" for cyclists was in the works, with "Messrs. Price, Blair and Smith as contractors," which would include thirteen bridges across Wildwood Park brook, which would need to be replaced, as they had fallen away from neglect. The "five-mile loop" was to begin "at the Court House, driving out Wood avenue [sic] to Seven Points, through Wildwood Park to Cypress Creek, returning by Stewart Springs and Pine street [sic] to the point of beginning." Work on the first bridge began in June of 1898.
According to the Herald, the park "is 6,700 feet long, beginning where the road turns off at the Baptist University, and coming out on Cypress creek, near the Waterloo bridge [sic]."
In June of 1897 a "Wildwood Park Commission" was established, with AE Walker, president, NC Elting, treasurer, WM Bunting (Herald editor), secretary, with a committee of three known as the "Road Committee" also appointed.
In 1898 Mayor John B. Weakley's administration made plans to purchase Wildwood from its private owners. At that time the park consisted of some 60 acres. It was finally purchased by the city in May of 1899 for $1,800, with a $300 cash down payment and the balance to be paid in five annual installments at 6 percent. A mortgage for the $2,000 balance was executed by the city, which mortgage was transferred to Frank M. Perry.
Friday night, June 23, 1899, the Herald reported that at its regular meeting the Florence City Council passed a resolution favoring the purchase of Wildwood Park and appoints a committee to finalize matters with the 208 acres of land (purchased at $10 an acre) to be used both for a park and a new city cemetery.
On Thursday, June 29, 1899, the Florence Herald reported that the Florence city council has appointed a committee “for the purchase of a cemetery tract and park” which committee is “to negotiate with the owners of Wildwood Park for the purchase of that property,” consisting of some 208 acres, which contained several acres of level land. On Thursday, July 13, the Florence Herald reported that, “The city council has virtually purchased Wildwood park [sic], consisting of 208 acres, from a Philadelphia syndicate through Nelson & Ware. The price paid is $10 an acre, which is considered very cheap. The park takes in all the new Wildwood park drive and extends from the east side of Cypress creek [sic] at the Waterloo bridge to Blue hole [sic] and thence north and east, taking in the park proper.”
The mortgage for the $2,000 balance came due in February of 1907 during Mayor AE Walker's administration, and the city almost lost the park (which by then consisted of 200 acres) however due to the efforts of a group of citizens, Perry was persuaded to extend the mortgage for two more years.
In David Beasley's history of the Kiwanis Club, p. 112, he cites a Florence Times article of August 16, 1928, which states that the Florence Kiwanis Club was granted permission by the city commissioners to develop "that section of Cypress Creek known as 'Bar-Bar' where it is planned to build a recreation ground. Only recently permission was granted the club by the Florence City Commissioners to use a part of the Wildwood Park property, where it is planned to build several houses and to equip the grounds for the kiddies." By July of 1930 the Kiwanis Club had built a swimming and recreation center which included a beach, bath houses, and a swimming pool. In the wake of a spree of vandalism at the park a notice in the Florence Times of July 16, 1930 vowed that anyone "found removing or damaging the equipment at 'Bar-Bar', the Kiwanis Park, located on the edge of Florence on the Savannah Road would be vigorously prosecuted."
On December 15, 1933, the FH reported that plans were being developed to convert a section of Wildwood Park into a "Colored Park," to be located on the "south side of Cypress Creek, south of the bend in the Kiwanis Park . . . a beautiful area, equal to any section in either Kiwanis or Wildwood Parks."
On Thurs, April 11, 1957, the Florence Herald reported that the Florence Jaycees were planning the development of the "Old Kiwanis Park", which included their five-year plan for the 13 acre park which had been turned over to them by the Florence Parks and Rec Dept. The plan included replacing several trash cans, picnic tables, restrooms and BB-Q pits. Thieves stole the trashcans while a 1952 flood washed away the BB-Q pits, picnic tables and restrooms.
In March of 1952 Florence State Teachers College (now the University of North Alabama) purchased some 17 acres north of Circular Drive and south of Equator Street, "a hilltop and ravine area," in an expansion program. Highway Department men and equipment were to be used to cut the top off of the hills, fill in the ravine, and grade and drain the area for an ROTC drill field, an athletic practice field, and sites for several future buildings (including Flowers Hall).
Under consideration for two years, the project was under the supervision of State Highway Department division engineer HD Burnum of Decatur, AL and Highway Department project engineer CL Bolling of Florence.
Several local families sold their property to the school and a few had their houses relocated to new lots. According to the Florence Herald the college was able to work out "satisfactory sale agreements with the property owners of the newly-acquired land over a period of two years."
The two photos are 1) of Peter Stewart and 2) George W. Seawright.
George W. Seawright (ca. 1848-1931) was born a slave in Gainesville, Sumter County, Alabama, He had at least one sibling, an unnknown brother who had apparently died by 1900 . George's parents' names according to his death certificate, were Ivan Calhoun and Millie Seawright. George is believed to have been a slave of George Seawright (1832-1904), a native of Sumter County who married Fannie Malone Wilson of Lauderdale in November of 1859. George W. Seawright accompanied Fannie’s brother, Mitchell Malone of Co. K, 7th AL Inf, CSA and Co. F, Roddey’s 4th AL Cav, CSA as Malone’s body servant. Wash, as he was known by locals was one of at least eighteen pro-Southern blacks from Lauderdale County. After the war Seawright attended at least three Confederate veterans’ reunions. By May of 1884 he had opened up a boot and shoe-maker’s shop “in the room recently occupied by Mr. Fink over the store of Mr. Jacobs.” By 1890 George had relocated to the Stafford Block of East Mobile Street-his shop was just up and around the corner from the present Grogan’s Jewelers. In Dec. of 1891 a fire totally destroyed all the shops in this block and George was forced to relocate; by early 1892 he was working out of the back of Young & Simpson’s Shoe Store. By September of 1899 George’s shop had moved to the Perry Block of Mobile Street, next door to WH Dismukes’ grocery store. George was married to Francis Jackson (ca. 1848-aft. 1920), a daughter of Nancy Jackson (ca. 1818-aft. 1900) and they had three children, all but one of whom had died by 1910.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
1. The Place Names of Colbert and Lauderdale Counties, Alabama
2. The Place Names of Colbert and Lauderdale Counties, Alabama
3. The Place Names of Colbert and Lauderdale Counties, Alabama
4. 1830 US Federal Census, Lauderdale County, Alabama, p. 23.
5. 1830 US Federal Census, Lauderdale County, Alabama, p. 23.
6. 1840 US Federal Census, Lauderdale County, Alabama, p. 109 A.
7. 1840 US Federal Census, Lauderdale County, Alabama, p. 109 B.
8. 1850 US Federal Census, Slave Schedule, Lauderdale County, Alabama, p. 1013.
9. 1860 US Federal Census, Slave Schedule, Lauderdale County, Alabama, p. 214 B.
10. Huntsville (AL) Democrat
11. Montgomery (AL) Advertiser and State Gazette
12. Florence (AL) Gazette
13. Records of the Corp of Florence, Ala., Dec 15, 1865, p. 444.
14. Records of the Corp of Florence, Ala., Jan 2, 1866, p. 445.
15. Florence (AL) Herald
16. Florence (AL) Times
17. Florence (AL) Herald
18. Minutes of the City of Florence 9/5/1899 - 12/2/1907, p. 37.
19. Florence (AL) Herald
20. Florence (AL) Herald
21. Florence (AL) Herald
22. Florence (AL) Herald
23. Florence (AL) Herald
24.Florence (AL) Herald
25. Florence (AL) Herald
26. Florence (AL) Herald
27. Florence (AL) Herald
28. Florence (AL) Times
29. Florence (AL) Herald
30. Florence (AL) Herald
31. Lauderdale County, Alabama Circuit Court Minutes F, March, 1907-June, 1911.
32. Florence (AL) Herald
33. Florence (AL) Herald
34. Florence (AL) Herald
35. Florence (AL) Herald
36. Florence (AL) Herald
37. Peter Stewart from the Landrum Collection's August 30, 1921 Mars Hill United Confederate Veterans Reunion photo.
38. Florence (AL) Herald
39. Florence (AL) Herald
40. Florence (AL) Herald
41. Florence (AL) Herald
42. Florence (AL) Herald
43. Florence (AL) Herald
44. Florence (AL) Herald
45. Florence (AL) Herald
46. Florence (AL) Herald
47. Florence (AL) Herald
48. Florence (AL) Herald
49.Map of the City of Florence, Alabama by Ditterich & Kirby, Oct., 1890
50. Map of the City of Florence, Alabama by Ditterich & Kirby, Oct., 1890
51. Florence, Alabama, 1923 by Evans and Meade, Engineers
52. Florence, Alabama, 1923 by Evans and Meade, Engineers
53. Your Map of Lauderdale County and Florence, Alabama, undated (ca. 1960s or 1970s).
54. The Landrum Collection
Publisher
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1. UMI Dissertation Information Service
2.UMI Dissertation Information Service
3. UMI Dissertation Information Service
4. Ancestry Library Edition.
5. Ancestry Library Edition.
6. Ancestry Library Edition.
7. Ancestry Library Edition.
8. Ancestry Library Edition.
9. Ancestry Library Edition.
10. Newspapers.com
11. Newspapers.com
12. Newspapers.com
13. City of Florence, AL
14. City of Florence, AL
15. Newspapers.com
16. Bell & Howell Micro Photo Division
17. Newspapers.com
18. City of Florence, AL
19. Newspapers.com
20. Newspapers.com
21. Newspapers.com
22. Newspapers.com
23.Newspapers.com
24. Newspapers.com
25. Newspapers.com
26. Newspapers.com
27. Newspapers.com
28. Bell & Howell Micro Photo Division
29. Newspapers.com
30. Lauderdale County, Alabama
31. Newspapers.com
32. Newspapers.com
33. Newspapers.com
34. Newspapers.com
35. The Landrum Collection
36. Newspapers.com
37. Newspapers.com
39. Newspapers.com
40. Newspapers.com
41. Newspapers.com
42. Newspapers.com
43. Newspapers.com
44. Newspapers.com
45. Newspapers.com
46. Newspapers.com
47. Newspapers.com
48. Newspapers.com
49. Diiterich & Kirby
50. Diiterich & Kirby
51. Evans and Meade
52. Evans and Meade
53. No Publisher Listed
54. The Landrum Collection
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1. 1985
2. 1985
3. 1985
4. 1830-06
5. 1830-06
6. 1840-06
7. 1840-06
8. 1850-12-09
9. 1860-06-25
10. 1851-05-29
11. 1851-06-18
12. 1855-05-19
13. 1865-12-15
14. 1866-01-02
15. 1896-03-05
16. 1896-03-07
17. 1897-05-27
18. 1900-02-20
19. 1901-05-02
20. 1901-05-09
21. 1901-05-09
22. 1901-05-09
23. 1901-07-04
24. 1903-01-23
25. 1903-07-31
26. 1904-03-24
27. 1904-04-28
28. 1907-03-08
29. 1907-03-08
30. 1907-03-15
31. 1907-03-29
32. 1907-06-07
33. 1907-06-07
34. 1908-02-07
35. 1908-03-25
36. 1935-07-12
37. 1921-08-30
38. 1940-03-08
40. 1940--04-19
41. 1945-07-27
42. 1945-12-28
43. 1948-07-09
44. 1948-10-01
45. 1949-07-14
46.1949-12-29
47. 1950-06-22
48. 1952-03-27
49. 1890-10
50. 1890-10
51. 1923-04
52. 1923-04
53. No Date Given
54. 1921-08-30
Rights
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Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
Format
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Jpeg.
Language
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English
Type
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Still Imagea.
Contributor
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Lee Freeman
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
1-3. Sandra Sockwell
54. The Landrum Collection
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
War Bond Drives and Rallies in Florence-Lauderdale's Black Community During World War II.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
A series of Florence Herald articles and advertisements for war bond rallies and parades in the African-American community of Florence-Lauderdale during World War II.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
1. Florence (AL) Herald
Lauderdale County (AL) War Finance Committee
3. Florence (AL) Herald
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Florence (AL) Herald
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Newspapers.com
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Lee Freeman
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still Image
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1. 1943-09-24
2. 1943-09-24
3. 1943-10-01
4. 1944-02-18
5. 1944-06-16
6. 1945-05-11
7. 1945-11-16
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Fourth of July Celebrations of the Freedmen of Florence-Lauderdale in 1866.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
A series of two newspaper articles reporting on the 1866 Fourth of July celebrations of the freedmen at Seaton's Springs, in Lauderdale County.
According to the Florence Journal of Wednesday, July 11, "Some fifteen hundred of all sorts and conditions of this class" celebrated America's Independence by hearing the Declaration of Independence read by Florence Freedmen's Bureau Agent Capt. Charles A. Tenge followed by a "plenteous dinner," then a reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by Prof. EM Meares, with his wife teacher of a school for freedmen in Florence, and finally, by an oration by a man named Laken, supposedly a Methodist minister from Huntsville, Al.
The Memphis Daily Post of Thursday, July 10 reported the attendance of "about two thousand colored and three hundred white people" and that three US flags were flying.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
1. Memphis Daily Post.
2. Florence Journal
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
1. Memphis Daily Post
2. Florence Journal
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
1. Newspapers.com
2. University Microfilm
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1. 1866-07-10
2. 1866-07-11
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Lee Freeman
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
Jpeg
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still Image
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The African-American Canaan Neighborhood of West Florence
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
Description
An account of the resource
A series of documents and newspaper articles on the Canaan neighborhood of west Florence.
The Canaan neighborhood of west Florence was named after early resident and former slave brick mason Cain Leach.
Before the Civil War Cain Leach was a slave brick-mason of a “Mr. Leah” [Leach?] before becoming the slave of Lauderdale resident John S. Morrow (1809-1887) sometime after 1852. In 1860 Morrow’s real estate was valued at $16,000 and his personal property at $29, 428. Morrow’s plantation was located just outside Florence.
According to the 1860 slave census schedule, John S. Morrow had ten slaves, five men and six women, ranging in age from five to forty-six. The forty year-old black male enumerated as one of Morrow’s slaves is probably Cain.
Cain's first wife Patsy was the slave of Mrs. Kirkman and in 1863 and 1864 Cain rented bottom land from the Kirkmans, who testified in his Southern Claims petition that Leach "appeared to be a free Negro and appeared to have control of his own time.” For his part, testifying in February of 1873, John Morrow said of his former slave that “His only interest in the claims is to do Cain justice as an old faithful servant. Claimant . . . is and was a trusty [sic] man, and a provident one.”
Morrow was apparently a Unionist, willing to sacrifice slavery in order to preserve the Union. When war broke out and Confederate regiments were being raised in the neighborhood, Cain "hollered for Mr. Lincoln . . . hollered hurraugh."
According to his Southern Claims Commission petition, supporting Lincoln almost got Cain lynched but calmer heads prevailed and after 24 hours incarceration and a trial before Judge Hawkins he was released with only a whipping, the argument basically being that as an ignorant slave Leach had no idea what he was talking about. Fearing for his slave, John Morrow hired Leach out to a Confederate company as a cook, then, after Morrow’s son Edward joined the Confederate Army, sent Cain with Edward as his body-servant or camp slave. After the war Cain and Edward worked together farming Jackson Island in the Tennessee River for a few years.
Cain’s first wife’s name was Patsy (ca. 1812-1896). Cain worked as a farmer and a plasterer. He lived on West Tennessee Street after the war. Patsy Leach died in January of 1896. Her Florence Times death notice said of her: “Old Aunt Patsey [sic] Leach, one of our most worthy colored women, living in the Western part of the city, died Thursday morning, aged about 78 years.”
In March of 1897 Cain married a woman named Mary Herman (1865-1929), some thirty years younger than him. Mary Herman Leach died December 7, 1929 and was buried, presumably in the City Cemetery two days later.
Cain Leach died Monday, February 22, 1903. He was buried, presumably in the black section of the Florence City Cemetery (there is no marker) the next day after funeral services conducted at St. Paul AME Church; both the Florence Times and Florence Herald published death notices for him. In its Friday, February 27, 1903 issue the Times wrote:
“Old Uncle Cain Leach, one of our most venerable and worthy colored citizens, died on Monday afternoon, last aged 79 [sic] years. He had lived many years in Florence and always had the respect and good will of the people. He was one of the first settlers in the part of the city in which he lived and its location, Canaan, took its name from him.”
The Carpenter High School was founded in the Canaan neighborhood in 1876 by the American Missionary Association and originally the pastors of First Congregational Church (ca. 1875-ca. 1939) at 115 N Seminary Street were principals of the school. In November of 1894 Prof. Young A. Wallace had taken a hiatus from his job as principal and teacher of Florence's District School for Negroes and was teaching the Carpenter High School. By June of 1895 Miss Mary L. Corpier, a graduate of Fisk University, was the assistant to the principal, Rev. William L. Johnson and by April of 1897 was in charge of the school and it's teacher. By 1897 the school had 60 pupils who paid .50 per month tuition.
By 1894 the school was meeting at Leach's Hall on West College Street. See the page on the Carpenter High School in the School collection here for more information on the school.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
1. The Place Names of Colbert and Lauderdale Counties, Alabama
2. The Place Names of Colbert and Lauderdale Counties, Alabama
3. Florence (AL) Times
4. Florence (AL) Herald
5. Florence (AL) Times
6. Florence (AL) Herald
7. Florence (AL) Herald
8. Lauderdale (Co AL) News
9. Lauderdale (Co AL) News
10. Florence (AL) Herald
11. Florence (AL) Banner
12. Florence Gazette
13. Florence (AL) Herald
14. Florence (AL) Herald
15. Florence (AL) Herald
16. Florence (AL) Herald
17. Florence (AL) Herald
18. Florence (AL) Herald
19. Florence (AL) Herald
20. Florence (AL) Herald
21. Florence (AL) Herald
22. Florence (AL) Herald
23. Florence (AL) Herald
24. Florence (AL) Herald
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
1. Sandra Sockwell
2. Sandra Sockwell
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
1. UMI Dissertation Information Service
2. UMI Dissertation Information Service
3. Bell & Howell Micro Photo Division
4. Newspapers.com
5. Bell & Howell Micro Photo Division
6. Newspapers.com
7. Newspapers.com
8. Newspapers.com
9. Newspapers.com
10. Newspapers.com
11. Newspapers.com
12. Newspapers.com
13. Newspapers.com
14. Newspapers.com
15. Newspapers.com
16. Newspapers.com
17. Newspapers.com
18. Newspapers.com
19. Newspapers.com
20. Newspapers.com
21. Newspapers.com
22. Newspapers.com
23. Newspapers.com
24. Newspapers.com
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1. 1985
2. 1985
3. 1903-02-27
4. 1903-02-27
5. 1898-01-25
6. 1896-08-13
7. 1963-01-17
8. 1883-02-7
9. 1883-02-7
10. 1890-04-19
11. 1890-04-19
12. 1890-10-15
13. 1890-10-16
14. 1894-06-07
15. 1895-10-24
16. 1895-10-24
17. 1896-01-15
18. 1898-05-06
19. 1926-07-30
20. 1928-07-20
21. 1928-07-20
22. 1934-04-13
23. 1951-07-26
24. 1951-08-23
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Lee Freeman
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4b942968268d543270dbc8d8b5b352d2
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Paper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Handy Hill Subdivision map, 1918
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This is a map of the Handy Hill subdivision from 1918
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
A.L. Cole
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Lauderdale County Plat Book
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1918
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Brian Murphy
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
JPG
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HH1.jpg
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
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73f9156a0b89718063a3cd0061a21d86
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Newspaper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Allentown: White Man's Land
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community; segregation
Description
An account of the resource
This is an advertisement for the sale of lots for the proposed village of Allentown, just west of Florence. The advertisement explains that the company will not sell to "any person of African birth or descent, nor can any lot be so transferred. None but those of the Caucasian Race shall be permitted as purchasers or owners."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Allentown Land Company
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Florence Times
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Florence Times
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1915-12-17
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Brian Murphy
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PNG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
allentown.png
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22a28dba4fcf421c3ad80557084d5016
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Photograph
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Handy Heights before and after urban renewal
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community; Handy Heights; urban renewal
Description
An account of the resource
This photograph shows the before and after pictures of West Florence, looking west down Beale Street. An urban renewal project cleared many of the houses and added a subdivision, public housing, a school, and recreation center to West Florence.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
AP Newsfeatures
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1961-10-12
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Brian Murphy
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
JPEG
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
AP Newsfeatures
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still Image
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
BWM_PGT_1.jpeg
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a91780028d1df8eca56fc9e4b06e65c0
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52a3271b7da1a9ca18efa7001d2adda0
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Community
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community
Description
An account of the resource
This collection contains images, articles, and oral histories related to the African American community. The category encompasses community organizations, festivals, reunions, etc.
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Newspaper
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Sheffield HELP Program Organized"
Subject
The topic of the resource
Community; Sheffield
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Arnold, Gil.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Florence Times
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Florence Times
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1973-08-04
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Brian Murphy
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Images are available for educational and research purposes. This image may not be reproduced for commercial purposes without the express written consent of the copyright holder. It is the responsibility of the interested party to identify the copyright holder and receive permission.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
PNG
Language
A language of the resource
English
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Still Image
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
HELP1.png
HELP2.png